Hais txog Chips

Tom qab kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov transistor, ntau yam khoom siv hauv lub xeev semiconductor, xws li diodes thiab transistors, tau siv dav, hloov cov haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev hauv circuits. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab lig xyoo pua 20th, qhov kev vam meej ntawm semiconductor manufacturing technology ua integrated circuits tau. Piv nrog rau phau ntawv sib dhos ntawm circuits siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib cais, kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua ke ntau ntawm micro siv lead ua raj rau hauv cov nti me me, uas yog qhov ua tau zoo. Qhov loj-scale tsim muaj peev xwm, kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sib xyaw circuits thiab cov qauv qauv ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob kom ntseeg tau tias cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke tau txais sai sai es tsis txhob sib cais transistors hauv kev tsim.

Integrated circuits muaj ob lub ntsiab zoo ntawm discrete transistors: nqi thiab kev ua haujlwm. Tus nqi qis yog vim lub fact tias tag nrho cov Cheebtsam ntawm nti yog luam tawm raws li ib tug unit los ntawm photolithography, es tsis txhob ua ib tug transistor ib zaug xwb. Kev ua haujlwm siab yog vim qhov hloov pauv ceev ntawm cov khoom siv, uas siv lub zog tsawg dua, vim tias cov khoom siv me me thiab ze rau ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv 2006, lub nti cheeb tsam tau nce los ntawm ob peb square millimeters mus rau 350 mm ², Per mm ² Nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag ib lab transistors.

Thawj cov qauv kev sib xyaw ua ke tau ua tiav los ntawm Jack Kilby hauv xyoo 1958, uas suav nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob bipolar, peb lub resistors thiab lub capacitor.